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1、Unit9“Massmedia*isadeceptivelysimpletermencompassingacountlessarrayofinstitutionsandindividualsdifferinginpurpose,scope,method,andculturalcontext.MassmediaincludeallformsofinformationcommunicatedIolargegroupsofpeople,fn)mahandmadesignlaninternationalnewsnetwork.Beingvcr)pervasiveinindustrializedcoun
2、trics.thcyhaveapowerfulimpactOnhoWIhosCpopulationsviewtheworld.ltisonlythemostlocalandpersonaleventsthatareexperiencedfirst-hand,Thosein(helargercommunityJhestateJhecountry,andtherestof(heworldarcexperiencedlh11)ughIheeyesofjournalists“大众传媒”这个询具有迷性,它看似何洁,事实上包含了不计其数的一系列机构和个体.这些机构和个体有着不同的宗旨、范围、方式和文化背景
3、.大众传媒包括全部达到大1群众的信息,不管是何种形式一从手制的牌麻到国际化的新闻网络,在工业化国家,大众传媒无处不在,它强有力地影响着人们对世界的行法。人们只能亲身经脸当地的和个人化的事芬.而要了解大一点的社区、州、国家和世界的另一些地方,人们就得通过新闱工作者的朱睹了。HowMassMediaAffectOurPerceptionofReality1.JustbeforeSeptemberll,b2)01ThcUSmassmediawerefocusedonsports.IhClivesofvariouscelebrities,andaCtmgrcssniansrelationshipwit
4、hamissingstaffmember.Theneverythingchanged.Askyscrapercomplex,militantgroup,anddistantCOUlHrysuddenlydominatedmassmediaaspeoplesoughttoIlnderSUUHiwluhadoccurred,whatomakeofpassengerplanesturnedinumissiles,andwhoto(rslforcredibleinformationonlem)rism.I.在2001年9月Il日之前,美国媒体的主要焦点是体育界,幺人轶事以及某个国会议员与一个失踪联员的
5、关系等.然而.9“11之后一切都发生了交史.一幢摩天大楼,一个武装组织,以及一个遥远的国家突然之间主宰了大众传媒.这是因为美国民众迫切想要弄明白:究党发生了什么小,是什么让软人的客机变成了导弹,谁供应的有关恐怖主义的情报才是ft实可信的.2.Thatdramaticshiftinmediaemphasisisanexcellentrecentexampleofhowmassmediahelptoshapeourshiftingconcernsandbeliefs.Whycouldwehavebeensoconcernedabup.HndinfesteringMiddleEastcountrie
6、sandcultures?Why(hesuddenmediashiftfromaRcgularly-Criticized-PrcsidcnttoanEstccmcd-1.cadcr-Prcsidcnt?2.这次第体焦点的巨大转变是近期的一个好例子.它展示I大众传媒如何帮助我们形成快速变更的关注点和信念.为什么我In在这一周里对名人的生活方式如此关注,而到了下一冏却又对此变得漠不关切?为什么公众以前对个早己臭名昭著的恐怖祖织、对11益衰败的中东国家和文化部普期缺乏发好?为什么媒体以前对我们的总统总是指责,而突然之间又将其誉为一位令人敬重的、勇于担当责任的总统?3.l)ramaticadvance
7、sinmasscommunicationandtransportationduringthepast50yearshaverulycreatedaglobalvillage,amasssociety.Thingsoccurringanywherearcnowquicklyknowneverywhere.Massmediabothoverwhelmuswithinformation,andhelpUStosortitout.3 .大众传媒和交通运在过去50年星迅猛发展把世界tl口实切地变成了一个地球村,个大众社会.如今任何地方发生的事务都会快速地传播到世界的每一个角落.大众传媒不仅用遮天蔽日的信
8、息将我们沉没,也AJ助我们对这些信息加以分类整理.4 .Massmediaseekabroadaudienceforatypicallynarrow(andoftenbiased)message(hatstypicallyembeddedinCntertainnienlorusefulinformalion.*opinion.Massmediacommunicationisexpensive,soitsfundedthroughparticipantadmissions/subscriptionsandcontributions,orthroughsponsorshipsandadvertis
9、ing(oracombinationofthesefundingsources).ItthusmustprovidesomethingSufficieinlyvaluable(oitsxte11ialaudienceiogain(hatnecessaryfinancialsupport.4大众传媒为典型的受众面特别狭小的(通常常有偏见,讯息J求广泛的受众群体,这类讯息通常嵌于消遣或行用的信息/观点中。大众传媒的成本极其昂贵,所以它通过加盟许可/订阅和捐款来获得资金,或者通过吩助和广告(或者多管齐下)来获得资金.因此,它必露为潜在的受众供应足终有价值的讯息,以此荻得必要的资金支持,1 .,hem
10、assmediahavea“slownewsday”problem.Iheyhavepagesandtimetofill,evenwheneventsarcmundane.AcommonSoIUlionatsuchtimesistofocusonsportsandthelivesofcelebrities(peoplewhoarewellknownforheirwell-knownness*asAndyWaiholoncePUti()tortolakesomethingrelativelytrivialandCXPUnditintosmelhingimportant.Thinkbackto(h
11、eprc-Scpgs.andconcertsarcalsoformsofmassmedia,althoughmanypeopleconsiderthemtobesomethingotherthanmassmedia.6大众传媒并不属限于印U媒介和电子通信媒介等形式(如杂志和电视).尽管很多人不认同.但体可炎事、教堂、博物馆、主即公园、政治活动、书目单和音乐会也是大众传播的媒介形式。7 .ThcU.S.ConstitutionunderscorestheimportanceftheopvncommunicationofinformationandopinioninourdemocraticSOC
12、iCtybygrantingconsiderableSdf-direCtiontothevariousIbrmsofmassmedia.Amrkcllaccmentalitysuggeststhatusefulinformationandopinionswillspread,andtheuselesswilldisappear.frees)eechsocietycanthusIolenUeinstancesofseinfo11nalin.slupidi(y.andvulgarilv-assumingIhernlobeaIcrnporaryimlimt.8 .美国宪法给予各种形式的大众集体极大的
13、自主权,以此来强调信息和想法的公开沟通对民主社会的重要性.从一种市场心态来看.有用的信息和想法将会得到传播.而无用的终将消逝.因此,个言论自由的社会能够容忍虚假信忠、愚it和施俗一假设这些东西仅会扰人一时,不会许久。9 .Massmediaarcverycompetitive.FolkstodayhavemanyoptionsabouttheTVandfilmsIheywatch,thebooksandmagazinestheyread,theculturalandreligiousinstitutionstheyattend.,Vhcchallengeforamediaprogramisto
14、gelandholdtheattentionofmassmediashoppers-whoarcchannelsurfing,browsingatabooks(ov.checkingoutvariouschurches.8.大众传媒间的竞争很微今日的人力对所看的电视和电影、所读的竹格和杂志、所参与的文化和宗教机构都有很多的选择。媒风光临的挑战是如何吸引并抓住大众传媒消费者的留意力i地们正在来回调换频道,在书店翻阅书籍,在教堂之间穿梭.9.lnastimulatingcompetitiveenvironment,amediar)grammustscorequickly.Sinceyou,rcstillreading(hiscolumn,(hetitleandopeningparagraphnus(haveSufficienilyCaUghlyourattentionsoyoucontinued.EnKHiQnaIarousaldrivesattention,whichdriveslearningandconsciousbehavior-soitsimportantformassmediaprogrammerstounderst