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1、SPLINESANDSERRATIONSAsplinedshaftisonehavingaseriesofparallelkeysformedintegrallywiththeshaftandmatingwithcorrespondinggroovescutinahuborfitting;thisarrangementisincontrasttoashafthavingaseriesofkeysorfeathersfittedintoslotscutintotheshaft.Thelatterconstructionweakenstheshafttoaconsiderabledegreebec
2、auseoftheslotscutintoitandconsequently,reducesitstorque-transmittingcapacity.花键轴是一种具有“一系列相互平行的齿、并且齿与轴整体成型”的轴,它与在轮毂上或者装配体上开的键槽相配合。这种装置与“在轴上开槽并且与一组销子或者楔键相配合”的结构相反。后者的结构由于在轴上开槽大大降低了轴(的强度),降低了传递扭矩的能力。Splinedshaftsaremostgenerallyusedinthreetypesofapplications:1)forcouplingshaftswhenrelativelyheavytorque
3、saretobetransmittedwithoutslippage;2)fortransmittingpowertoslidably-mountedorpermanently-fixedgears,pulleys,andotherrotatingmembers;and3)forattachingpartsthatmayrequireremovalforindexingorchangeinangularposition.花键轴主要用在以下三种情况:1)需要在无滑动的联轴器上传递大的扭矩;2)用于向“可滑动的装配组件”或者“固定装配的齿轮组或滑轮副”传递动力,3)用于“要求指定滑移量或转角位置”
4、的配件上。译注Al:“slidably-mounted”例如球笼式等速万向节,万向节同时能转动一定角度;ermancnUy-fixcdgears”例如齿轮变速箱。(凡是带“译注”的,表示洋者的理解,下同)Splineshavingstraight-sidedteethhavebeenusedinmanyapplications(seeSAEParallelSideSplinesforSoftBroachedHolesinFittings);however,theuseofsplineswithteethofinvoluteprofilehassteadilyincreasedsince1)in
5、volutesplinecouplingshavegreatertorque-transmittingcapacitythananyothertype;2)theycanbeproducedbythesametechniquesandequipmentasisusedtocutgears;and3)theyhaveaself-centeringactionunderloadevenwhenthereisbacklashbetweenmatingmembers.具有“直边式齿形”的花键已经适用于多种场合(清查看“用于软拉削加工成型的直边式花键”);然而,“齿侧具有渐开线形状的花键”的使用正在逐步
6、的增长,原因如下:1)渐开线花键传递扭矩的性能超过其他形式;2)可用加工齿轮的技术或设备来加工;3)在内齿和外齿配合情况下产生的反作用力具有自定心功能。译注A2:ParalldSideSplines”指的是矩形花键,文中翻译成“直边式花键”,见6GBII44矩形花锭尺寸、公差和检验;译注A3:oSAEParallelSideSplinesforSoftBroachedHolesinFittings,(指SAEJ499A,种类似GB/T1144的标准。InvoluteSplinesAmericanNationalStandardInvoluteSplines*.Thesesplinesormul
7、tiplekeysaresimilarinformtointernalandexternalinvolutegears.Thegeneralpracticeistoformtheexternalsplineseitherbyhobbing,rolling,oronagearshaper,andinternalsplineseitherbybroachingoronagearshaper.Theinternalsplineisheldtobasicdimensionsandtheexternalsplineisvariedtocontrolthefit.Involutesplineshavema
8、ximumstrengthatthebase,canbeaccuratelyspacedandareself-centering,thusequalizingthebearingandstresses,andtheycanbemeasuredandfittedaccurately.美国渐开线标准:这种花键的成型和齿轮的内外花键类似。通常的成型加工方法是外花键用滚铳刀、搓齿或插齿刀,内花键用拉削、齿轮插齿刀。内花键的尺寸是固定的,外花键根据不同的配合采用不同的尺寸。渐开线花键在近跟处有最大的强度,(键齿)能精确分布和自定心,这样就有相同的支撑力和应力,同时能准确地配合和测量。译注A4:内花键尺寸
9、不变,外花键变,原理等同于基孔制。InAmericanNationalStandardANSIB92.1-1970(R1993),manyfeaturesofthe1960standardareretained;plustheadditionofthreetoleranceclasses,foratotaloffour.Theterm4involuteserration,formerlyappliedtoinvolutesplineswith45-degreepressureangle,hasbeendeletedandthestandardnowincludesinvolutesplines
10、with30-,37.5-,and45-degreepressureangles.Tablesforthesesplineshavebeenrearrangedaccordingly.Theterm“serrationwillnolongerapplytosplinescoveredbythisStandard.在美国渐开线标准ANSlB92.1-1970(R1993)中,保留了许多1960版本的特征;增加了三种公差等级,现一共有四种公差等级。前版中45度压力角使用的术语“渐开线锯齿involuteserration,本版本已经删除。现在版本包含了30度、37.5度和40度压力角的渐开线花键。
11、相对应的表格也做了更新。术语“involuteserration”不再适用本标准。TheStandardhasonlyonefitclassforallsidefitsplines;theformerClass2fit.Class1fithasbeendeletedbecauseofitsinfrequentuse.Themajordiameteroftheflatrootsidefitsplinehasbeenchangedandatoleranceappliedtoincludetherangeofthe1950andthe1960standards.Theinterchangeabili
12、tylimitationswithsplinesmadetopreviousstandardsaregivenlaterinthesectionentitledInterchangeability.”本标准中只有一种齿侧配合情况:第二种情况。在旧标准中的第一种情况由于不太使用已经被删除。平齿根齿侧配合中的大径已经有所变化,并且应用了包含1950和I960版本范围的公差。旧版本的花键术语“interchangeabilitylimitations,己经被新版本的Interchangeability”代替。译注A5:旧版中的配合第一种情况是“较松配合”,第二种情况是“较紧配合参数是CVmin,较松
13、配合的CVmin的值见旧版,这里不讨论,较紧配合的CVmin=0“原来最大实际弧齿槽宽”的计算公式为:SmaX=Smin+Cvmin+m+(具体参数意思看后面章节),删除第一种情况后SmaX=Smin+m+-Therehavebeennotolerancenorfitchangestothemajordiameterfitsection外径配合部分,(与旧版相比)公差和配合情况没有改变。TheStandardrecognizesthefactthatproperassemblybetweenmatingsplinesisdependentonlyonthesplinebeingwithinef
14、fectivespecificationsfromthetipofthetoothtotheformdiameter.Therefore,onsidefitsplines,theinternalsplinemajordiameternowisshownasamaximumdimensionandtheexternalsplineminordiameterisshownasaminimumdimension.Theminimuminternalmajordiameterandthemaximumexternalminordiametermustclearthespecifiedformdiame
15、terandthusdonotneedanyadditionalcontrol.本标准认为影响花键合理装配的作用区域是从齿顶(外花键大圆或内花键小圆)到“渐开线构成圆”之间的那段范围,因此在齿侧配合情况下,内花键大径以“最大尺寸值”出现,外花键小径以“最小尺寸值”出现。“内花键大径的最小值”应大于“渐开线构成圆”的直径,“外花键小径的最大值”应小于“渐开线构成圆”的直径(见后面“FormCircle的定义)。此外,没必要指定额外的控制条件(见“译注B7”)。Thesplinespecificationtablesnowincludeagreaternumberoftolerancelevels
16、elections.Thesetoleranceclasseswereaddedforgreaterselectiontosuitendproductneeds.Theselectionsdifferonlyinthetoleranceasappliedtospacewidthandtooththickness.花键的规格表中,提供了多种公差水平的选择,以适应最终装配需求。选择不同的公差在“弧齿槽宽”和“弧齿厚”中应用。*SeeAmericanNationalStandardANSIB92.2M-1980(Rl989),MetricModuleInvoluteSplines;alsoseepage2177.见美国国家标准ANSIB92.2M-1980(Rl989)公制模数渐开线花键,可也参见(原版的)第2177页。译注A6:渐开线花键(也包括渐开线齿轮)所定义的“齿宽”、“齿厚”,都是指瓠度方向上的长度。Thetoleranceclassu