2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Headings_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

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1、IELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticeEsperanto:morethanjustalanguageAEsperantoisthemostwidelyspokenconstructedlanguageintheworld.Aconstructedlanguage(sometimescalledaconlang)isalanguagewhosephonology,grammar,andvocabulary,insteadofhavingdevelopednaturally,areconsciouslydevised.Espe

2、rantowascreatedbyPolishophthalmologistL.L.Zamenhofin1887,andthatwastheyearthathepublishedabookdetailingthelanguage,UnuaLibro(FirstBook),underthepseudonymDr.Esperanto.ThewordesperantotranslatesintoEnglishasonewhohopes.BZamenhofsgoalwastocreateaneasyandflexiblelanguagethatwouldserveasauniversalsecondl

3、anguagetofosterworldpeaceandinternationalunderstanding,andtobuildacommunityofspeakers,ashebelievedthatonecouldnothavealanguagewithoutsuchacommunity.CHisoriginaltitleforthelanguagewassimplytheinternationallanguage(Iingvointernacia),butearlyspeakersgrewfondofthenameEsperantoandbegantouseitasthenamefor

4、thelanguagejusttwoyearsafteritscreation;thenamequicklygainedprominenceandhasbeenusedasanofficialnameeversince.DIn1905,ZamenhofpublishedFundamentodeEsperantoasadefinitiveguidetothelanguage.Laterthatyear,heorganizedthefirstWorldEsperantoCongress,anongoingannualconference,inBoulogne-sur-Mer,France.Thef

5、irstcongressratifiedtheDeclarationofBoulogne,whichestablishedseveralfoundationalpremisesfortheEsperantomovement;oneofitspronouncementsisthatFundamentodeEsperantoistheonlyobligatoryauthorityoverthelanguage;anotheristhattheEsperantomovementisexclusivelyalinguisticmovementandthatnofurthermeaningcanever

6、beascribedtoit.ZamenhofalsoproposedtothefirstcongressthatanindependentbodyoflinguisticscholarsshouldstewardthefutureevolutionofEsperanto,foreshadowingthefoundingoftheAkademiodeEsperanto(inpartmodeledaftertheAcademiefranaise),whichwasestablishedsoonthereafter.Since1905,thecongresshasbeenheldinadiffer

7、entcountryeveryyear,withtheexceptionsofthoseyearsduringtheWorldWars.In1908,agroupofyoungEsperantospeakersledbytheSwissHectorHodlerestablishedtheUniversalEsperantoAssociationinordertoprovideacentralorganizationfortheglobalEsperantocommunity.EThedevelopmentofEsperantohascontinuedunabatedintothe21stcen

8、tury.TheadventoftheInternethashadasignificantimpactonthelanguage,aslearningithasbecomeincreasinglyaccessibleonplatformssuchasDuolingo,andasspeakershaveincreasinglynetworkedonplatformssuchasAmikumu.WithapproximatelytwoIELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticemillionspeakers,asmallportio

9、nofwhomareevennativespeakers,itisthemostwidelyspokenconstructedlanguageintheworld.AlthoughnocountryhasadoptedEsperantoofficially,Esperantujoisthenamegiventothecollectionofplaceswhereitisspoken,andthelanguageiswidelyemployedinworldtravel,correspondence,culturalexchange,conventions,literature,language

10、instruction,television,andradio.FEsperantoismostusefulforneutralcommunication.ThismeansthatEsperantodoesnotfavouracertainpeopleorculture,andpromotesanatmosphereofequalrights,toleranceandtrueinternationalism.ThiscanbeseeninEsperantoconferences,books,magazines,music,theInternet,andeveninprivateandfami

11、lylife.GYoungpeopleespeciallycanhaveverymeaningfulexperiencesusingEsperanto:bystayingasaguestinprivatehomesabroadandmakingdirectcontactwiththeircultures,havingfunatinternationalfestivals,gainingknowledgeandskillsatseminars,comingintocontactwithseveralforeignlanguagesandlearningmoreaboutthem,andevent

12、uallyactivelyworkingwithTEJO(theWorldEsperantoYouthOrganisation)andgainingvaluableexperience.HWiththePasportaServo,aspecialEsperantosocialnetworkingservice,apersoncanstaywithlocalsallaroundtheworld(over1350homesin89countries)whohostotherEsperantospeakersforfree.Thehostsgetthepleasureofmeetingpeoplef

13、romaroundtheworld,andtravellersgetfreelodging.IThereisanEsperantoeventhappeningsomewherearoundtheworldeverydayoftheyearandtheyaremorethanjustpeoplespeakingEsperanto.Duringtheday,avisitorcanfindeverythingfrominterestinglecturestomassageclasses,andthenightcomesalivewithdrinkinganddancing.TheUniversala

14、Kongresodrawsanywherefrom2000-3000people.Thelargestannualyouthgatheringsareforanyoneunder30andareattendedby200-400participants.Whetheroneislookingtogettoknowpeoplefromaroundtheworldorisinterestedinaninternationalromance,theseconferencesareagreatplacetomeetothers.JPeoplecanalsouseEsperantorightfromth

15、ecomfortoftheirhomecomputertoenrichthewaytheyexperiencetheInternet.Theycanuseforums,discussionlistsandchatroomstohearthelocalpointofviewandreadaboutthedeepthoughtsandeverydayexperiencesofpeoplelivinginexoticcountriesintheirblogs.DownloadingMP3filesisadifferentexperienceinEsperantoduetothevastnumbero

16、fculturescreatingEsperantomusic.IELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticeKEsperantoisalsoanexcellentwaytointroducechildrentoforeignlanguages.SinceEsperantocomesfrommanylanguages,therulesaresimpleandfew,conjugationisalmostnon-existent,andtherearenoexceptionstobememorized,itcanserveasastartingpointforyoungstudentstopursueotherforeignlanguages.AfterhavingmasteredEsperanto,learningFrench,Spanish,Italian,orcountlessotherlanguagesbecomesmuchle