软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献解析.docx

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1、学校代码：10128生.本科毕业设计外文文献翻译英文题目：SoftwareDatabaseAnObject-OrientedPerspective.中文题目：软件数据库的面向对象的视角学生姓名：宋兰兰学院：信息工程学院系别：软件工程系W业加姓Tw二。一三年六月AHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEFromtheearliestdaysofcomputers,storingandmanipulatingdatahavebeenamajorapplicationfocus.Thefirstgeneral-purposeDBMSwasdesignedbyCharlesBachmanatGene

2、ralElectricintheearly1960sandwascalledtheIntegratedDataStore.Itformedthebasisforthenetworkdatamodel,whichwasstandardizedbytheConferenceonDataSystemsLanguages(CODASYL)andstronglyinfluenceddatabasesystemsthroughthe1960s.BachmanwasthefirstrecipientofACM,sTuringAward(thecomputerscienceequivalentofaNobel

3、prize)forworkinthedatabasearea;hereceivedtheawardin1973.Inthelate1960s,IBMdevelopedtheInformationManagementSystem(IMS)DBMS,usedeventodayinmanymajorinstallations.IMSformedthebasisforanalternativedatarepresentationframeworkcalledthehierarchicaldatamodel.TheSABREsystemformakingairlinereservationswasjoi

4、ntlydevelopedbyAmericanAirlinesandIBMaroundthesametime,anditallowedseveralpeopletoaccessthesamedatathroughcomputernetwork.Interestingly,todaythesameSABREsystemisusedtopowerpopularWeb-basedtravelservicessuchasTravelocity!In1970,EdgarCodd,atlBM,sSanJoseResearchLaboratory,proposedanewdatarepresentation

5、frameworkcalledtherelationaldatamodel.Thisprovedtobeawatershedinthedevelopmentofdatabasesystems:itsparkedrapiddevelopmentofseveralDBMSsbasedontherelationalmodel,alongwitharichbodyoftheoreticalresultsthatplacedthefieldonafirmfoundation.Coddwonthe1981TuringAwardforhisseminalwork.Databasesystemsmatured

6、asanacademicdiscipline,andthepopularityofrelationalDBMSschangedthecommerciallandscape.Theirbenefitswerewidelyrecognized,andtheuseofDBMSsformanagingcorporatedatabecamestandardpractice.Inthe1980s,therelationalmodelconsolidateditspositionasthedominantDBMSparadigm,anddatabasesystemscontinuedtogainwidesp

7、readuse.TheSQLquerylanguageforrelationaldatabases,developedaspartofIBM,sSystemRproject,isnowthestandardquerylanguage.SQLwasstandardizedinthelate1980s,andthecurrentstandard,SQL-92,wasadoptedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)andInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO).Arguably,themostwidelyu

8、sedfbnofconcurrentprogrammingistheconcurrentexecutionofdatabaseprograms(calledtransactions).Userswriteprogramsasiftheyaretoberunbythemselves,andtheresponsibilityforrunningthemconcurrentlyisgiventotheDBMS.JamesGraywonthe1999TuringawardforhiscontributionstothefieldoftransactionmanagementinaDBMS.Inthel

9、ate1980sandthe1990s,advanceshavebeenmadeinmanyareasofdatabasesystems.Considerableresearchhasbeencarriedoutintomorepowerfulquerylanguagesandricherdatamodels,andtherehasbeenabigemphasisonsupportingcomplexanalysisofdatafromallpartsofanenterprise.Severalvendors(e.g.,IBM,sDB2,Oracle8,InformixUDS)haveexte

10、ndedtheirsystemswiththeabilitytostorenewdatatypessuchasimagesandtext,andwiththeabilitytoaskmorecomplexqueries.Specializedsystemshavebeendevelopedbynumerousvendorsforcreatingdatawarehouses,consolidatingdatafromseveraldatabases,andforcarryingoutspecializedanalysis.Aninterestingphenomenonistheemergence

11、ofseveralenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)andmanagementresourceplanning(MRP)packages,whichaddasubstantiallayerofapplication-orientedfeaturesontopofaDBMS.WidelyusedpackagesincludesystemsfromBaan,Oracle,PeopleSoft,SAP,andSiebel.Thesepackagesidentifyasetofcommontasks(e.g.,inventorymanagement,humanresourc

12、esplanning,financialanalysis)encounteredbyalargenumberoforganizationsandprovideageneralapplicationlayertocarryoutthesetasks.ThedataisstoredinarelationalDBMS,andtheapplicationlayercanbecustomizedtodifferentcompanies,leadingtolowerIntroductiontoDatabaseSystemsoverallcostsforthecompanies,comparedtothec

13、ostofbuildingtheapplicationlayerfromscratch.Mostsignificantly,perhaps,DBMSshaveenteredtheInternetAge.WhilethefirstgenerationofWebsitesstoredtheirdataexclusivelyinoperatingsystemsfiles,theuseofaDBMStostoredatathatisaccessedthroughaWebbrowserisbecomingwidespread.QueriesaregeneratedthroughWeb-accessibl

14、efbsandanswersareformattedusingamarkuplanguagesuchasHTML,inordertobeeasilydisplayedinabrowser.AllthedatabasevendorsareaddingfeaturestotheirDBMSaimedatmakingitmoresuitablefordeploymentovertheInternet.Databasemanagementcontinuestogainimportanceasmoreandmoredataisbroughton-line,andmadeevermoreaccessibl

15、ethroughcomputernetworking.Todaythefieldisbeingdrivenbyexcitingvisionssuchasmultimediadatabases,interactivevideo,digitallibraries,ahostofscientificprojectssuchasthehumangenomemappingeffortandNASA,sEarthObservationSystemproject,andthedesireofcompaniestoconsolidatetheirdecision-makingprocessesandminet

16、heirdatarepositoriesforusefulinformationabouttheirbusinesses.Commercially,databasemanagementsystemsrepresentoneofthelargestandmostvigorousmarketsegments.Thusthes-tudyofdatabasesystemscouldprovetoberichlyrewardinginmorewaysthanone!INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICALDATABASEDESIGN1.ikeallotheraspectsofdatabasedesign,physicaldesignmustbeguidedbythenatureofthedataanditsintendeduse.Inparticular,itisimportanttounderstandthetypicalworkloadthatthedatabasemustsupport