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1、美国总统15林肯(2)AbrahamLincoln:Martyr(PartTwo)repeatByKellyJeanKellyIlJunef2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodaywearecontinuingourstoryaboutAbrahamLincoln.HeledtheUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWarzwhichlastedfrom1861-1865.InthatnflictztheSouthernConfederacybattledtheUnion-thestatesthatsuppor
2、tedthefederalgovernment.Southernstateswantedtomaketheirownlaws,includingthosethatprotectedslavery.TheywereafraidthatPresidentLincolnwouldusethepowerofthefederalgovernmenttobanslaveryintheirstates,aswellasinOtherareas.So11Southernstateswithdrewfromtherestofthecountry.Theystoppedregnizingthepowerofthe
3、centralgovernment.PresidentLincolndidnotthinkstateshadtherighttowithdraw.Hesaidhewasfightingtoreunitethecountry.Butintime,heacceptedthattheCivilWarwouldalsobeafighttoendslavery.Commander-in-chief1.incolnisknownforseveralqualitiesasawartimepresident.Onewashowheledthemilitarycampaign.Aspresident,Linco
4、lnworkedwithtopmilitaryofficialstocreateaplan.TheyrealizedthattheUnionhadmoreresourcesandmoremenwhouldfightthantheConfederateforces.So,theyplannedtosurroundtheSouthernstates,cutofftheirsupplies,andpreventforeignpowersfromhelpingtheConfederacy.1.incolnhopedtheUnionsgeneralscouldexecutetheplanquicklya
5、ndendthewarassoonaspossible.Butthegeneralswereguarded.Theydidnotwanttoharmtheirsoldiersiftheydidnothaveto.TheyalsoknewtheConfederacyhadaskilledcommanderinGeneralRobertE.Lee.TroopsunderanotherConfederategeneral,ThomasStonewallJacksonzalsodefeatedtheUnionarmyinseveralearlybattles.1.incolnwasfrustrated
6、withthewareffort.Hewantedgeneralswhowouldnotonlywinbattles,butchaseaftertheopposingforcesanddestroythemsotheyuldnotfightagain.Inonefamoustelegram,hewrotetohistopgeneral,GeorgeMcClellan.Lincolnsaid,IfGeneralMcClellandoesnotwanttousetheArmy,Iwouldliketoborrowitforatime.Finally,LincolnreplacedMcClellan
7、.ThenhereplacedMcClellansreplacements.Executivepower1.incolnchangedthepresidencybybeingactivelyinvolvedasacommander-in-chiefofthemilitary.Healsogreatlyexpandedthepowersofthechiefexecutive.1.incolnbelievedthatzduringwar,thepresidenthadpowersthatweregreaterthanthoseofCongressandtheSupremeCourt.Asaresu
8、lt,hetookmanyactionsthatcritics-andevensomesupporters-consideredillegalundertheU.S.Constitution.Forexample,LincolnspentmillionsofdollarsinfederalmoneywithoutgettingpermissionfromCongress.Healsolimitedfreedomofthepress,restrictedmailservice,anddeclaredmartiallawinsomeplaces,evenwhenthesituationdidnot
9、requiremilitaryaction.Mostnotably,Linlntemporarilysuspendedthewritofhabeascorpus.HabeasrpusisanimportantrightintheAmericanlegaltradition.Itmeansthatpeoplewhoareunderarresthavetherighttoappearpersonallyincourt.Butzatsomeperiods,Lincolnignoredthatright.HesaidtheConfederacysrebellionjustifiedhisactions
10、.And,hesaidzextrememeasureswerenecessarytore-unitethecountry.EmancipationProclamationOneofLinlnsmostimportantlegaciesrelatestoslavery.TheissuewasattheheartoftheAmericanCivilWar.Formostofhiscareer,Lincolnspokeagainstslavery.Buthedidnottrytobarthecustominstateswhereitalreadyexisted.Heagreedtoleaveslav
11、eryintheSouthalone.1.incolnalsodidnotreallybelieveinracialequality.AndheworriedthatifslaveryendedintheUnitedStates,blacksandwhiteswouldnotbeabletolivepeacefullytogether.ButastheWarcontinued,Lincolnchangedhismindabouthowtodealwiththeissue.Foronething,anti-slaveryactivistswereurgingLincolntoendslavery
12、formoralreasons.1.incolnalsoconsideredtacticalreasons-thoserelatedtothewar.HesawthatenslavedpeopleintheSouthwereescapingtojoinUnionarmiesintheNorth.TheiractionshelpedtheUnioneffort.1.incolnalsowantedtopreventEnglandorFrancefromhelpingtheSouth.TheSouthernstateswereimportanttradingpartnersforEurope.Bu
13、ttheEnglishandFrenchpeoplehadrejectedslavery.LincolnhopedthatiftheUnionalsorejectedslavery,EuropeancountrieswouldsupporttheNorth-oratleastnotsupporttheSouth.SoLincolnwaiteduntiltheUnionwonamajorbattleinAntietamzMaryland.ThenheannouncedthathewasusinghispowerasawartimepresidenttoordertheendOfslaveryin
14、theConfederatestates.HeproducedadocumentcalledtheEmancipationProclamation.Itsaidthatenslavedpeopleintherebellingstateswereforeverfree.Historiansnotethattheactwasimportantandrevolutionary.Butitwasmostlysymbolic.Thefederalgovernmentwasnotabletoenforcetheorderatthetime.Anditdidnotdealwithenslavedpeople
15、inOtherareas.ButtheEmancipationProclamationwasthebeginningoftheendoflegalslaveryinthecountry.Duringtherestofhispresidency,Lincolnworkedinsupportofananti-slaveryamendmenttotheConstitution.Thatamendment-theThirteenth-wasapprovedin1865.Itofficiallyoutlawedslaveryacrossthecountry.Nextweekwewillfinishthe
16、storyOfAbrahamLincolnandtheCivilWar.mKellyJeanKelly.KellyJeanKellywrotethisstoryforLearningEnglish.GeorgeGrowwastheeditor.WordsinThisStoryresources-n.asupplyOfsomething(suchasmoney)thatsomeonehasandcanusewhenitisneededfrustrated-adj.veryangry,discouraged,orupsetbecauseofbeingunabletodoorcompletesomethingmartiallaw-adj.controlofanareabymilitaryforcesratherthanbythepolicelegac
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