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1、美国总统30赫伯特胡佛HerbertHoover:Blamedplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00repeatByKellyJeanKelly24September,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodaywearetalkingaboutHerbertHoover.Hetookofficein1929.HerbertHooverHooverwaspresidentfortheearlyyearsofwhatAmericanscalltheGreatDepression.Duringthoseyears,the
2、UnitedStateseconomyslidintoasevererecession.Manybanksandbusinessesfailed.Attimes,nearlyoneinfourpeopleintheU.S.workforcewereunemployed.Millionsofpeoplelosttheirhomesandsavings.Hooverdidnotcausethedepression.Theconditionshadbeeninplacebeforehetookoffice.ButmanyAmericansblamedHooverfortheirsuffering.T
3、heybelievedhepermittedtheeconomiccrisistocontinue-andevendeepen-duringhistimeinoffice.EarlylifeHerbertHooverwasborninasmallhouseinthestateofIowa.HisparentswereQuakers.Theirreligionvaluedsimplicity,hardwork,equalityamongpeople,andpeacefulresolutionofconflict.Hooverandhisbrotherandsisterwereinfluenced
4、bythesebeliefs,evenaftertheirparentsdied.BythetimeyoungHerbertHooverwasnine,hewasanorphan.HemovedtothestateofOregon,inthePacificNorthwest,andlivedwithanuncle.Hooverdidnotthriveinthatsituation.Reportssaythatheusuallykepttohimself.Andhedidnotdoparticularlywellinschool.YetoneofficialfromStanfordUnivers
5、itylikedwhathesawintheyoungman-hardworkandadesiretolearnnewthings.Atthetime,StanfordUniversitywasjustgettingestablished.ItadmittedHooverintoitsfirstclass.HooverhadtoworkhardatStanford,bothinclassandtoearnmoneytopaytuition.Buttheexperiencebroughtmanybenefits.Hooverstudiedgeology,andwentontoworkasamin
6、ingengineer.ThejobledtopositionsinAustralia,Chinaandotherpartsoftheworld.Hebecameaninternationally-knownexpertonmining.Healsowrotealeadingtextbookonmining.Theseexperiences,alongwithgoodbusinessinvestments,ledtogreatwealthforHoover.1.ouHenryHooverhadagiftforlanguages.Shelearnedasmanyaseight-including
7、Mandarin-duringhertravelswithherhusband.AtStanford,healsometthewomanwhowouldbecomehiswife.HernamewasLouHenry.ShewasthefirstwomanfromStanfordtocompleteastudyprogramwithadegreeingeology.TheHooverswentontohavetwosons.HumanitarianworkDuringWorldWarI,theHooversliveschangeddramatically.Thefamilywaslivingi
8、nLondonwhenthewarbegan.U.S.governmentofficialsaskedHoovertoorganizeanevacuationeffortforAmericantouristswhowereinEurope.Inonlyafewweeks,Hooverscommitteesucceeded.1.ater,hehelpedgetfoodandsuppliestopeopleinBelgium.Asaresult,Hooverearnedapublicimageasasmart,skilledhumanitarian.WhentheUnitedStatesenter
9、edWorldWarI,PresidentWoodrowWilsonaskedHoovertoleadthegovernmentsFoodAdministration.Inthatposition,HooverledanefforttochangeAmericansbehaviorinordertosupportthewareffort.Heaskedthemtolimitthekindsoffoodtheyateandgoodstheybought.Theeffortwas,forthemostpart,successful.Americanscalledtheirmovestolimitt
10、heirconsumption,toHooverize.Hooverwentontoorganizeprogramstoaidothercountries,includingRussia.HealsohelpedpartsoftheU.S.recoverafterterribleflooding.Andzassecretaryofcommerce,hepushedbusinesses,researchers,andgovernmentofficialstoworktogether.HooveraimedtoreduceboomandbustcyclesandkeeptheU.S.economy
11、healthy.Inallhisefforts,HooverurgedAmericanstochoosetoparticipate.Hedidnotbelieveinusinggovernmentrequirementstoforcecooperation.Instead,hesupportedindividualism-theideathatAmericansmustprotectthequalitiesofcreativity,equalopportunity,andservicetoothers.HooversbeliefswerepopularwithmanyAmericansatth
12、etime-andwithmanyAmericanstoday.Intheelectionof1928,Hoovereasilywonthepresidency.Hepromisedtocontinueleadingthecountrydownthepathofprosperity.PresidencyWhenHoovertookofficein1929zhesaid,Ihavenofearsforthefutureofourcountry.Itisbrightwithhope.ThatwasinMarch.InOctober,theU.S.stockmarketcrashed.Thousan
13、dsofinvestorslosttheirsavings.TheeventwaspartofasharpdownturnintheeconomiesoftheUnitedStatesandofmanyothercountries.Atfirst,Hooverbelievedthedownturnwouldpass.Butastimewenton,thesituationgrewworse.Businessescouldnotexpandtheirworkforce.Farmerscouldnotaffordtoharvesttheircrops.Everydaypeoplehadtoolit
14、tlemoneytopayforhousingcostsand,insomecases,food.Andthenbanksacrossthecountrybegantofail.51V APresident Herbert HooverPresidentHooverworkedhardtofixtheproblems.Hetriedmanyapproaches:creatinggovernmentagencies,urgingprivateandpublicgroupstocooperate,andworkingtobalancethefederalbudget.ButHooverdidnot
15、wanttousefederalmoneytoprovidedirectaidtoAmericans.Heworriedthatsuchactionswouldmakepeopledependentonthegovernment,andreducepeoplesindividualpowerandmorale.Nordidhewanttousethefederalgovernmenttotrytocontroltheeconomy.Governmentintervention,hesaid,wouldleadtosocialism,andeventuallydestroythecountrys
16、foundingbeliefs.Instead,Hoovertriedtosupportstatesandbusinessesindirectlyandurgedpeopletofindwaystohelponeanother.YetmanylawmakersandmembersofthepublicrejectedHooversmeasuresasinsufficient,andevencruel.Someusedhisnamedifferentlythantheyhadbeforehetookoffice.Now,theycalledthedirtyshelterswherehungryandhomelesspeoplelivedHoovervilles.Andtheycalledmensemptypocke
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