美国名人 瑟古德·马歇尔.docx

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1、美国名人瑟古德马歇尔ThurgoodMarshallplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:46repeatByPaulThompson2004-5-15(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisisGwenOuten.VOICETWO:AndthisisDougJohnsonwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.EveryweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Todaywetellaboutamanwhohelpedchangetherac

2、ialseparationlawsofAmerica,ThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallwasbornafreeman.Butthefatherofhisgrandfatherwasaslave.HehadlivedinwhatwastheCongoareaofAfrica.AmanfromtheeasternAmericancityofBaltimore,Maryland,broughthimtotheUnitedStates.Helatersethimfree.ThurgoodMarshallwasborninBaltimor

3、eonJulySecond,Nineteen-Oh-Eight.InthatdtyzandinmanyotherpartsoftheUnitedStatesatthattime,blackpeoplewereseparatedfromwhitepeoplebylaw.Blackchildrendidnotgotoschoolwithwhitechildren.Blackpeoplelivedonlyinareaswhereotherblackslived.VOICETWO:Overtheyears,ThurgoodMarshallbecameaverygoodstory-teller.Heto

4、ldstoriesabouthimselfzoraboutplaceshehadvisited.Often,thestorieswerefunny.Butmostalsohadaseriousmessage.OnestorywasaboutbeingintroublewithhisteacherswhenhewasaboyinBaltimore.MisterMarshallsaidoneofhisteacherspunishedhimbysendinghimtotheroomwheretheschoolsheatingequipmentwaskept.Therehewastoldtoreada

5、ndrememberthewordsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.TheConstitutionisalongdocument.ThurgoodMarshallsaidhereadallofit.morethanonce.andlearnedtoremembermostofit.Hesaidthisschoolboypunishmentgavehimalife-longrespectfortheConstitution.Ashegrewolder,hebegantothinkabouttheConstitutionsguaranteesoffreedom

6、.Thoseguarantees,hebelieved,shouldbeforpeopleofallraces,notjustforwhitepeople.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallattendedLincolnUniversityinthestateofPennsylvania.Hecompletedhisstudies,withhonors,innineteen-thirty.HewantedtogotolawschoolattheUniversityofMaryland.Butofficialsatthatschoolrefusedtolethima

7、ttend,becausehewasblack.SozhewenttolawschoolatHowardUniversityinWashingtonD.C.HowardUniversitywasaschoolforAfrican-Americans.ThurgoodMarshallgraduatedfirstinhisclass.Aftercompletinghislawstudies,heacceptedthecaseofayoungblackmanwhowantedtobecomealawyer,too.TheyoungmanwantedtoattendtheUniversityofMar

8、ylandlawschool.ItwasthesameschoolthathadrefusedtoadmitThurgoodMarshall.Again,theschoolrefusedtoletablackmanbecomeastudent.SozMisterMarshalltooklegalaction.Hewonthecase.Theyoungblackmanwaspermittedtoattendtheuniversityslawschool.ThurgoodMarshallwouldgoontowinmanymorecasesdealingwithracialseparationla

9、ws.Andyearslater,theUniversityofMarylandwouldnameitslawlibraryinhishonor.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshallwasaverygoodlawyer.Thepeopleherepresentedincourtwereblackandpoor.Heneverearnedmuchmoney.Buthisnamesoonbecamewellknown.TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleofferedhimajob.Hewenttoworkaso

10、neofitslegalrepresentatives.Intime,hebecametheorganizationschieflegalrepresentative.HetraveledacrosstheUnitedStates.Hefoughtagainstracialseparationlaws.Healsodefendedblackpeoplewhowerechargedwithacrime,butwhodidnothavethemoneytopayforlegalhelp.ManyofthosecasesreachedAmericashighestcourt,theSupremeCo

11、urtoftheUnitedStates.Duringhislifeasalawyer,ThurgoodMarshallarguedcasesbeforetheSupremeCourtmorethanthirtytimes.Helostonlyafewcases.Slowly,thelawsofracialseparationinAmericabegantochange.ManyofthosechangesweretheresultoftheworkofThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.egalexpertssaythatThurgoodMarshallsm

12、ostimportantcasewastheoneknownasBrownversusBoardofEducation.ThecaseinvolvedthecityofTopekainthemiddlewesternstateofKansas.Alawtheresaidthathavingseparateschoolsforblackstudentsandwhitestudentswaslegal,iftheschoolswerethesame.Itwastheideaofseparatebutequal.Buttheschoolswerenotequal.Whitechildrenrecei

13、vedabettereducationthanblackchildren.ThurgoodMarshallagreedtoarguethecasebeforetheSupremeCourt.Whennewspapersreportedthis,hebegangettingmessages,threateninghimwithdeath.Othercivilrightslawyerssaidhewasmovingtooquickly.TheysaidadefeatintheBrowncasewouldgreatlydamagethecauseofcivilrights.Theytoldhimto

14、wait,tomovemorecarefullyandslowly.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshalldidnotlistentothethreatsagainsthislife.Andhedidnotlistentothosewhosaidheshouldmovemoreslowly.TheSupremeCourtheardthecaseinnineteen-fifty-four.MisterMarshallsaiditwasaviolationoftheConstitutiontoseparatepeoplebecauseoftheirrace.So,heargued,th

15、eracially-separatedschoolsinTopekazKansas,wereillegal.Headdedthatnothingcouldbeequalinracially-separatedschools.OneSupremeCourtjusticeaskedhimtoexplainwhathemeantbythewordequal.Heanswered:Equalmeansgettingthesamethingzatthesametimezandinthesameplace.TheSupremeCourtagreed.Itruledthatnoonecouldberejec

16、tedfromaschoolinTopekabecauseofrace.VOICEONE:ThecaseofBrownversusBoardofEducationprovidedthebasisforothercourtdecisions.IthelpeddestroytheterriblewalloflegalracialseparationthroughouttheUnitedStates.SomepeoplesayitisthemostimportantSupremeCourtdecisionoftheTwentiethcentury.ThatdecisionwasthebeginningofyearsoflegalbattlesagainstracialseparationinAmericasschools.Italsosentamessagetothepeopl