美国名人 天文学家 帕西瓦尔·罗威尔.docx

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1、美国名人天文学家帕西瓦尔罗威尔PercivalLowellsWorkLedtotheDiscoveryofthePlanetPlutoplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-16:06repeatByMarioRitter2005-12-10(THEME)VOICEONE:mMaryTillotson.VOICETWO:AndmBobDoughtywiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogramPeopleinAmerica.Today,wetellaboutPercivalLowellwhoseworkledtothediscoveryoftheplanetPlu

2、to.HiseffortsandimaginationhelpedchangethehistoryofastronomyinAmerica.(THEME)VOICEONE:PercivalLowellcamefromaNewEnglandfamilywithalonghistoryinAmerica.TheLowellfamilyfirstcametothecolonyofMassachussettsinsixteenthirty-nine.OneofPercivalLowellsancestors,JohnCabotLowell,manufacturedcloth.Hebecameanimp

3、ortantAmericanindustrialistinthelateEighteenthandearlyNineteenthCenturies.Percivalsfather,AugustusLowell,workedinthefamilyclothbusiness.HesettledhisfamilyinBoston,Massachusetts.Percivalwasbornthereineighteenfifty-five.Hehadayoungerbrother,AbbottLawrence,andayoungersister,Amy.VOICETWO:PercivalLowella

4、ttendedAmericanandEuropeanprivateschoolsasayoungman.HestudiedmathematicsatHarvardUniversity.AfterhefinishedhisstudiesatHarvardineighteenseventy-six,hetraveledinEuropeandtheMiddleEastforayear.Thenheworkedasafinancialofficerintheclothbusinessofhisgrandfather.Afterseveralyears,Percivalrealizedhewasnoth

5、appyasabusinessman.SohedecidedtotraveltoJapantostudyitscultureandlanguage.Whilethere,hewasaskedtogowithaspecialtradegroupfromKoreatoestablishtraderelationswiththeUnitedStates.VOICETWO(Cont):Ineighteeneighty-threezMisterLowelltraveledtoKoreaasadiplomat.HereportedonaclashtherebetweenKoreanandJapaneset

6、roops.MisterLowellremainedinEastAsiafortenyears.HereturnedhomewheneachofhissixbooksaboutEastAsiansubjectswaspublished.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PercivalLowellalsohadanintenseinterestinastronomyandmathematics.Ineighteenninety-threeheleftTokyoforthelasttimeandreturnedtotheUnitedStates.Hedecidedtospendmoretimeob

7、servingtheplanetMars.HehadstudiedobservationsbythefamousItalianastronomerGiovanniSchiaparelli.HefoundnotesthatdescribedmarkingsonMarsthatMisterSchiaparellicalledcanaliMisterLowellcametobelievethatintelligentlifecreatedthemarkingsonMars.VOICEONE(cont):Ineighteenninety-four,hebuiltanobservatorynearFla

8、gstaff,Arizona.HehadtheworldfamoustelescopemakerAlvanClarkandSonsmakeatelescopeforhisobservatory.HebeganaprogramofobservingnotonlyMars,butalsoVenusandMercury.VOICETWO:MisterLowellpublishedhisfirstbookaboutMarsineighteenninety-five.Init,hedevelopedatheorythatintelligentlifehadcreatedwaterwaysallovert

9、hesurfaceofMars.HistheorywasthatMartiansweretryingtobringwatertothewarmareasneartheequatoroftheplanet.MisterLowellstheorieswerebasedonwhatwereseriousscientificstudiesofthattime.YethistheoriesaboutlifeonMarsmayhavehadmorelastinginfluenceonmanywritersofimaginarystories.ThreeyearsafterMisterLowellsbook

10、waspublished,H-GWellspublishedhisfamousbookWaroftheWorlds.MisterWellsstorytoldofaMartianinvasionofEarth.TheMartiansthatheimaginedlivedonadryandwastedplanet.ThisisverysimilartoMisterLowellsdescriptionofMars.MisterLowellstheoriesaboutMarsalsoinfluencedEdgarRiceBurroughs.MisterBurroughsisbestknownforst

11、oriesaboutTarzan.HealsowroteaseriesofbooksaboutanAmericanwhotraveledtoMarsandfellinlovewithabeautifulprincess.ThepopularseriesbeganinnineteentwelvewithThePrincessofMars.VOICEONE:MisterLowellsbook,MarsandItsCanals,waspublishedinnineteen-oh-six.Inthatbook,heexpandedhistheoryaboutMartianlife.Hesaidheco

12、uldseechangesintheseasonsonthesurfaceofMars.HesaidthedarkeningoftheMartiansurfaceduringsometimesoftheyearwascausedbythegrowthofplants.HistheoryofMartianlifebecamesocomplexthathemademapsofcitiesandwaterwaysontheplanet.PercivalLowelldidnotknowthathiseyesplayedapartinthemarkingshesawonMars.Expertsexpla

13、inthatthemovementofairintheatmosphereandnaturalqualitiesofthehumaneyecausedhimtoseemarkingsthatwerenotthere.VOICETWO:PercivalLowellalsostudiedtheeffectofgravityontheplanetNeptune.SmallchangesinthemovementofNeptuneledseveralastronomerstobelievethatanundiscoveredplanetwasaffectingNeptunesorbit.MisterL

14、owellcalleditPlanetX.MisterLowellhimselfsearchedforPlanetXfortwoyearsstartinginnineteen-oh-five.Hemadethesearchbycomparingtwopicturesofthesamepartofthesky.Thephotographswouldbetakenseveralweeksapart.Theastronomerwouldthencheckbothphotographs.Anobjectinthesolarsystemcouldbeidentifiedifitappearedtomov

15、efromitsplaceintheearlierphotograph.However,thefirstsearchfailed.Infact,hefailedtorecognizePlanetXinafewphotographs.Hesearchedagainforitseveralyearslater.PercivalLowelldidnothavethechancetodiscoverPlanetX.HediedsuddenlyinNovember,nineteensixteen.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThesearchforPlanetXdidnotrestartatLowe

16、llObservatoryforyears.Theninnineteentwenty-five,GuyLowell,arelativeofPercival,gainedcontroloftheobservatory.HedecidedtoseriouslysearchforPlanetX.HewantedtocontinuetheworkPercivalhadstarted.Inthefollowingyears,Percivalsbrother,AbbottLawrence,providedmoneytobuildaspecialphotographictelescope.Thenewtelescopewascompletedinearlynineteentwenty-nine.Thatyear,anobservatoryofficial,V.M.Slipher,offer