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1、BADACTORSINNEWSREPORTINGTRACKINGNEWSMANIPULATIONBYSTATEACTORSChristianJohnsonWilliamMarcellinoheglobalspreadofthecoronavirusdisease2019(COVID-19)createdfertilegroundforattenptstoinfluenceanddestabilizedifferentpopulationsandcountries.Inresponsetothis.RANDCorporationresearchersconductedaproof-of-conc
2、eptstudyfordetectingtheseeffortsatscale.Marryingalarge-scalecollectionpipelineforglobalnewswithmachine-learninganddataanalysisworkflows,theRANDteamfoundthatbothRussiaandChinaappeartohaveemployedinformationmanipulationduringtheCOVID-19Pandemicinservicetotheirrespectiveglobalagendas.Thisreportisthesec
3、ondinaseriesoftworeports;thefirst(Matthews,Migacheva1andBrown,2021)focusedonqualitativeanddescriptiveanalysisofthesamedatareferredtointhisreport.Here,wedescribeOuranalyticworkflowsfordetectinganddocumentingstate-sponsoredmalignandsubversiveinformationefforts,andWereportquantitativeresultsthatSupport
4、thequalitativefindingsfromthefirstreport.IntroductionAspartofOuranalysis,wesearchedforbothdifferencesandsimilaritiesinthetopicsdiscussedbyRussian,Chinese,andWesternnewsmedia,andwefoundthatconspiracytheoriesandgeopoliticalposturingwererelativelycommoninRussianandChinesenewsarticlesComparedwithWestern
5、(U.S.andUK)articles.TheworkwedescribeherelaysthefoundationforarobustprotectivecapabilitythatdetectsandshedsIightonstateactorinformationmanipulationandmiscondctintheglobalarena.Disinformation,Propaganda,andTruthDecayTheworldisexperiencingacrisisrelatedtodisagreementsovertheestablishedtruth,aphenomeno
6、nthatRANDreferstoasTruthDecayashiftinpublicdiscourseawayfromfactsandanalysisthatiscausedbyfourinterrelateddrivers(RichandKavanagh,2018):1. anincreasingdisagreementaboutfactsandanalyticalinterpretationsoffactsanddata2. ablurringofthelinebetweenopinionandfact3. anincreasingrelativevolume,andresultingi
7、nfluence,ofopinionandpersonalexperienceoverfact4. adecliningtrustinformerlyrespectedsourcesoffactualinformation.RANDwww.rand.orgTruthDecayisaseriousthreattobothdomesticU.S.andinternationalsecurity,onethatisbeingexacerbatedbymaligneffortsfromavarietyofnationalbadactors.Theseill-intentionedeffortstomi
8、suseinformatiarelabeledmanywaysreadersmighthaveseentheseeffortslabeledasdisinformation,misinformation,fakenews,andinformationoperations.Forclarityandconsistencyssake,weusethedefinitionstakenfromRichandKavanagh,2018,intheremainderofthispaper.OurdefinitionofconspiracytheoriescomesfromDouglasetal.,2019
9、.(SeetheKeyInformationDefinitionsbox.)TRUTHE)E3 二：一二，KEYINFORMATIONDEFINITIONSDisinformationFalseormisleadinginformatiospreadintentionally,usuallytoachievesomeMisinformationpoliticaloreconomicobjective,infIuencepublicattitudes,orhidethetruth(asyonymforpropaganda)FalseormisleadinginformationthatisCon
10、spiracyspreadunintentionally.byerrorormistakeInformationthatattemptstoexplainthetheoriesultimatecausesofsignificantsocialFakenewsandpoliticaleventsandcircumstanceswithclaimsofsecretplotsbytwoormorepowerfulactorsNewspaperarticles,televisionsnewsshows,TopicDefinitionorotherInformationdisseminatedthrou
11、ghbroadcastorsocialmediathatareintentionallybasedonfasehoodsorthatintentionallyusemisleadingframingtoofferadistortednarrativeNewsManipulationfromBothChinaandRussiaWefoundthatduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,bothRussiaandChinaengagedinnewsmanipulationthatservedtheirgeopoliticalgoals.1AlthoughEnglish-languag
12、enewsmediafrombothnationsdidengageIntraditionalreportingonCOVID-19reportingoninfection,deathrates,andmedicalresponsesgloballyIheyalsoconducteddistinctmediaeffortsthatappeartobepolitiCallydrivennewsmanipulation.WefoundthatRussianmediaadvancedanti-U.S.conspiracytheoriesaboutthevirusandthatChinesemedia
13、advancedpro-ChinanewsthatlaunderedBeijingsreputationintermsofCOVID-19response.Additionally,wefoundthatearlyinthepandemic,RussianmediasupportedChinasefforttoburnishitsreputation.Intotal,threemainpillarsOfChineseandRussiannewsabouttheCOVID-19pandemicwereidentified.First,unsurprisingly,ChineseandRussia
14、nnewsagenciesreportedonstorieswithbroadinterestthatis,newstopicscoveredSimiIarIybyWesternnewsagencies.GoodexampiesofthispillararearticlesdescribingthecasenumbersanddeathsrelatedtoCOVID-19.ThesecondpillarofnewsstoriesconsistsOfarticlesthatperformgeopoliticalreputation-launderingonbehalfofRussiaandChi
15、na.ManyChinesenewsarticles,forearple,praiseChinashandlingofthepandemicandhighlightitsdonationsofaidtoforeigncountries.interestingly,RussiannewspraisesChinainasimilarway.RussiannewsalsoappearedtodownplaytheoriginalVID-19outbreakinWuhan.(Weconsidertheinteractionbetweenthesedifferentpillarslaterinthisr
16、eport.)Finally,RussianandChinesenewsagenciespromotedconspiracytheoriesregardingCOVID-19andthepublichealthmeasuresimplementedtocontainit.ExamplesofnewsinthispillararethesuggestionthatC0V!D-19isabioweaponorotherwiseengineeredinaIaboratoryortheideathatcontact-tracingeffortsarepartofaneffortbygovernmentandtechnologycompaniestotrackcitizens.TheSuccessofourproof-Of-Concepts
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