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1、IELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeHowglassesmakepeopledrinkAlcoholisthefifthlargestcontributortoearlydeathinhigh-incomecountriesandtheseventhworldwide.Oneproposedwayofreducingtheamountofalcoholconsumedistoreducethesizeofwineglasses,thoughuntilnowtheevidencesupportingsuchamoveha
2、sbeeninconclusiveandoftencontradictory.Wineglasseshaveincreasedinsizealmostseven-foldoverthelast300yearswiththemostmarkedincreasebeingadoublinginsizesince1990.Overthepastthreecenturies,theamountofwineconsumedinEnglandhasmorethanquadrupled,althoughthenumberofwineconsumersstayedconstant.Winesalesinbar
3、sandrestaurantsareeitheroffixedservingsizeswhensoldbytheglass,or-particularlyinrestaurants-soldbythebottleorcarafeforfree-pouringbycustomersorstaff.ApreliminarystudycarriedoutrecentlybyresearchersattheBehaviourandHealthResearchUnit,UniversityofCambridge,suggestedthatservingwineinlargerwineglasses-wh
4、ilekeepingthemeasurethesame-ledtoasignificantincreaseintheamountofwinesold.Tbprovidearobustestimateoftheeffectsizeofwineglasssizeonsales-aproxyforconsumption-theCambridgeteamdidamega-analysisthatcollatedalloftheirpreviouslypublisheddatasetsfromstudiescarriedoutbetween2015and2018atbarsandrestaurantsi
5、nCambridge.Theteamused300-millilitreglassesasthereferencelevelagainstwhichtocomparedifferencesinconsumption.Inrestaurants,whenglasssizewasincreasedto370millilitres,winesalesincreasedby7.3%.Reducingtheglasssizeto250millilitresledtoadropof9.6%,althoughconfidenceintervals(therangeofvalueswithinwhichthe
6、researcherscanbefairlycertaintheirtruevaluelies)makethisfigureuncertain.Curiously,increasingtheglasssizefurtherto450millilitresmadenodifferencecomparedtousing300-millilitreglasses.Pouringwinefromabottleoracarafe,ashappensformostwinesoldinrestaurants,allowspeopletopourmorethanastandardservingsize,and
7、thiseffectmayincreasewiththesizeoftheglassandthebottle,explainedfirstauthorDrMarkPilling.Iftheselargerportionsarestillperceivedtobe,aglass*,thenwewouldexpectpeopletobuyandconsumemorewinewithlargerglasses.Asglasssizesof300millilitresand370millilitresarecommonlyusedinrestaurantsandbars,drinkersmaynoth
8、avenoticedthedifferenceandstillassumedtheywerepouringastandardIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeserving.Whensmallerglasssizesof250millilitresareavailable,theymayalsoappearsimilarto300mlglassesbutresultinasmalleramountofwinebeingpoured.Incontrast,verylargeglasses,suchasthe450-mi
9、llilitreglasses,aremoreobviouslylarger,sodrinkersmayhavetakenconsciousmeasurestoreducehowmuchtheydrink,suchasdrinkingmoreslowlyorpouringwithgreatercaution.Theresearchersalsofoundsimilarinternalpatternstothosereportedinpreviousstudies,namelylowersalesofwineonwarmerdaysandmuchhighersalesonFridaysandSa
10、turdaysthanonMondays.Theresearchersfoundnosignificantdifferencesinwinesalesbyglasssizeinbars-incontrasttotheteamsearlierstudy.Thisshowstheimportanceofreplicatingresearchtoincreaseourabilitytodetecttheeffectsofwineglasssize.Whencombinedwithdatafromotherexperiments,theapparenteffectinbarsdisappeared.*
11、lfweareseriousabouttacklingthenegativeeffectsofdrinkingalcohol,thenwewillneedtounderstandthefactorsthatinfluencehowmuchweconsume,addedseniorauthorProfessorDameTheresaMarteau.uGivenourfindings,regulatingwineglasssizeisoneoptionthatmightbeconsideredforinclusioninlocallicensingregulationsforreducingdri
12、nkingoutsidethehome.ProfessorAshleyAdamson,DirectoroftheNIHRSchoolofPublicHealthResearch,said:uWeallliketothinkwereimmunetosubtleinfluencesonourbehaviour-likethesizeofawineglass-butresearchlikethisclearlyshowswerenot.Thisimportantworkhelpsusunderstandhowthesmall,everydaydetailsofourlivesaffectourbeh
13、avioursandsoourhealth.Evidencelikethiscanshapepoliciesthatwouldmakeiteasierforeveryonetobeabithealthierwithoutevenhavingtothinkaboutit.”CliveHenn,SeniorAlcoholAdvisoratPublicHealthEngland,agovernmentbody,welcomedthereport:uThisinterestingstudysuggestsanewalcoholpolicyapproachbylookingathowthesizeofw
14、ineglassesmayinfluencehowmuchwedrink.Itshowshowourdrinkingenvironmentcanimpactonthewaywedrinkandhelpustounderstandhowtodevelopadrinkingenvironmentwhichhelpsustodrinkless.nAdaptedfrom:https:WWW.cam.ac.uk/research/news/wine-qlass-size-may-influence-how-much-you-drink-in-restaurantsBlIELTSADVANTAGESumm
15、aryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeQuestions1-10Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Drinkingalcoholisoneofthetoptencausesof1worldwide,andareductioninconsumptionmightbebroughtaboutbyadecreaseinthesizeofwineglasses,whichhas2significantlyinrecentt
16、imes.Ithasbeenfoundthatincreasingglasssizecanleadtoagreaterquantityof3A4wascarriedoutbyresearcherswhichbroughttogethermanypiecesofresearchfromovera3-yearperiod,anditwasfoundthatwhileincreasingthesizeofaglassledtoanincreaseinwinesales,usingglasseswithavolumeof5producedadecreaseinsales.Onepeculiarfindingwasthatusing450-millilitreglassesdoesnotleadtoanincreaseinconsumption,andthishasbeenexplainedbyoneoftheresearc
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