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1、 Red Blood CellRBCHemoglubinHbRed blood cell indices:MCV,MCH,MCHCHematocritHCT ReticulocyteRet White Blood CellWBC,leukocyte White blood cell types WBC differential Neutrophils,Lymphocytes,Monocytes,Eosinophils,and Basophils Platelet(thrombocyte)PLT,BPCMean platelet volume MPV Find the cause of symp
2、toms such as fatigue,weakness,fever,bruising,or weight loss.Check for anemia.See how much blood has been lost if there is bleeding.Diagnose polycythemia or Check for an infection.Diagnose diseases of the blood,such as leukemia.Check how the body is dealing with some types of drug or radiation treatm
3、ent.Check how abnormal bleeding is affecting the blood cells and counts.Screen for high and low values before a surgery.See if there are too many or too few of certain types of cells.This may help find other conditions,such as too many eosinophils may mean an allergy or asthma is present.正常值随着年龄的变化而
4、变化。Red blood cell(RBC)count Men4.55.5 million RBCs/mcL or 4.55.51012/LWomen4.05.0 million RBCs/mcL or 4.05.01012/LChildren3.86.0 million RBCs/mcL or 3.86.01012/LNewborn 4.16.1 million RBCs/mcL or 4.16.11012/L 正常值随着年龄的变化而变化。Hematocrit(HCT)Men42%52%or 0.420.52 volume fraction Women36%48%or 0.360.48 vo
5、lume fraction Children29%59%or 0.290.59 volume fraction Newborn 44%64%or 0.440.64 volume fraction Hemoglobin(Hgb)Men1417.4 grams per deciliter(g/dL)or140174 grams per liter(g/L)Women1216 g/dL or 120160 g/L Children9.520.5 g/dL or 95205 g/L Newborn14.524.5 g/dL or 145245 g/L 回目录2 红细胞数目、血红蛋白、红细胞压积和血液总
6、容量显著地超过正常水平。新生儿期RBC7.0109/L,Hb220g/L。儿童时期RBC5.0109/L,Hb180g/L(16g/dl),红细胞压积大于55%和每公斤体重红细胞容量绝对值超过35ml,排除因急性脱水或烧伤等所致的血液浓缩而发生的相对性红细胞增多,即可诊断。原发性的即真性红细胞增多症 继发性的主要是由组织缺氧所引起的。年龄年龄Neonate14m46m6m59m511y1214yHb最低值(g/L)HCT145*90#100#1100.33*1151150.34*1200.36*-WHO标准(1972)#-联合国儿童基金会标准(1986)*-国内标准(1989)(海拔每海拔每1
7、000米,相应诊断标准中米,相应诊断标准中Hb4%)生理性贫血:Physiologic hemolysis Increased blood volume Temporary hypofunction of myeloid hematopoiesis使RBC生成不足,约23月时:RBC降至3.01012/L Hb降到100g/L左右,最低90g/L生后Hb变化GraduationHbNeonate Hb轻度轻度90g/L120g/L中度中度60g/L 90g/L 重度重度30g/L 60g/L极重度极重度30g/L32 3238 单纯小细胞性 80 28 3238 小细胞低色素性 80 28 3
8、2 RBC形态 病因 正细胞性 急性失血,溶血,再障,脾亢,肿瘤,急性感染大细胞性 DNA合成障碍:Vit.B12、叶酸缺乏,幼年性 恶性贫血,药物性贫血,红白血病 单纯小细胞性 缺铁早期,慢性感染,慢性疾病小细胞低色素性 Hb合成障碍:缺铁性贫血,地中海贫血,铁 粒幼性贫血.,慢性失血,铅中毒 网织红细胞增多:表示骨髓红细胞生成旺盛,常见于溶血性贫血,特别是急性溶血(高达0.60.8)。急性失血后510天网织红细胞达高峰,2周后恢复正常。网织红细胞减少:提示骨髓增生功能低下。见于再生障碍性贫血,溶血性贫血再生危象、药物性骨髓抑制时,典型再生障碍性贫血,网织红细胞计数常低于0.005.网织红细
9、胞绝对值低于15109/L为再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准之一。Neoplastic Disorders of Leukocytes MDS;Myelodysplastic syndrome Non-Neoplastic Disorders of LeukocytesCord blood:1520109/L612h:2128109/L1w:12109/L6y:4.513.5109/LeucocyteWeek of GestationCorrected WBC Counts(109/L)Platelets(109/L)RBC(109/L)Hb(g/dL)1821(n=760)2.57 0.42234
10、572.85 0.3611.69 1.272225(n=1,200)3.73 2.17247 593.09 0.3412.2 1.62629(n=460)4.08 0.84242 693.46 0.4112.91 1.3830(n=440)6.40 2.99232 873.82 0.6413.64 2.21Term18.1(9.030.0)290 1004.70 0.4016.5 1.5 类白血病反应(leukemoid reaction)是指患者在某些情况下出现外周血白细胞显著增高(50109/L)和(或)存在有异常未成熟白细胞,与某些白血病相类似,但随后病程或尸检证实没有白血病。类白血病反
11、应是正常骨髓对某些刺激信号作出的一种反应。1.感染是最常见的原因感染是最常见的原因常见病原体有细菌、螺旋体、原虫、病毒等。分为以下几类:(1)粒细胞型类白血病反应:常见于肺炎、脑膜炎、白喉、结核病(主要为粟粒性结核、浸润性结核溶解播散期肺外结核)等重症传染病。(2)淋巴细胞型类白血病反应:常见于百日咳、水痘、传染性单核细胞增多症、传染性淋巴细胞增多症、结核病等。(3)单核细胞型类白血病反应:常见于结核病、巨细胞病毒感染、亚急性细菌性心内膜炎等。(4)嗜酸性粒细胞型类白血病反应:常见于寄生虫感染,如血吸虫病、丝虫病、疟疾、棘球蚴病(包虫病)等。2.恶性肿瘤恶性肿瘤 多见于晚期患者肺和胃肠道恶性肿
12、瘤,尤其是转移到肝骨髓后易发生类白血病反应。多发性骨髓瘤、霍奇金病、黑色素瘤骨肉瘤、乳腺癌、绒毛膜上皮癌 肿瘤引起的类白血病反应多属粒细胞型亦有类似红白血病,淋巴细胞型较少见并常伴有贫血和血小板减少。3.中毒中毒(1)化学因素:如汞、有机磷、苯、亚硝酸盐等中毒。(2)药物性:如砷剂、解热镇痛药、磺胺药、肾上腺素糖皮质激素、锂盐等。还有报道:用大剂量阿糖胞苷治疗急性白血病缓解期引起的类白血病反应,易误诊为“复发”。(3)其他:一氧化碳中毒四氯乙烷中毒、尿毒症、酮症酸中毒、食物中毒等。4.急性失血与溶血任何原因引起的大出血、急性血管内溶血。5.急性组织损伤常见于外伤性组织创伤(如颅脑外伤、挤压综合
13、征)、大面积烧伤、电休克等。6.其他疾病 变态反应性疾病(如剥脱性皮炎过敏性肺炎)高热中暑 电离辐射性疾病脾切除术后1.有明确的病因,如感染中毒、恶性肿瘤等;2.原发病治愈或好转后,类白血病反应可迅速消失;3.血红蛋白、血小板计数大致正常。4.骨髓检查:反应性增生反应性增生 Neutrophil leukocytosis,Neutrophilic granulocytosis 年龄大于1个月的儿童和各年龄组成人外周血中性杆状核和分叶核粒细胞计数大于7.5109/L 小于1个月的婴儿大于26109/L 中性粒细胞比值明显高于同年龄儿童 原因:Infections:bacteria,some vi
14、rus Neoplasms:Hemorrhage,hemolysis Hereditary Immunological inflammation rheumatoid arthritis,vasculitis Drugs glucocorticoids,colony stimulating factors,lithium Metabolic acidosis,uremia,gout Tissue necrosis infarction,burns,trauma,cold,hot,sport,anoxia,emotional 白细胞计数50109/L,或外周血白细胞计数 4109/L Older
15、 children 7109/L Infants 9109/L Relative lymphocytosis Adult:40%Children:Infections:Acute infection:Infectious mononucleosis,infectious lymphocytosis,hepatitis and CMV,pertussis(百日咳),chicken pox Chronic infection:TB,Brucellosis(布氏杆菌病)Some protozoal infections:toxoplasmosis and American trypanosomias
16、is(锥虫病)Post-Splenectomy State An autoimmune disorder causing ongoing(chronic)inflammation:Crohns disease,Ulcerative colitis,Vasculitis 白细胞数明显增多,超过50109/L,其中40%以上为淋巴细胞;若白细胞20%,并出现幼淋巴细胞;骨髓象除了有淋巴细胞增生外,没有白血病细胞的形态异常 0.95109/L 或比值明显升高 Causes:Chronic Inflammation:Infections:tuberculosis,brucellosis,listeriosis,subacute bacterial endocarditis,syphilis,and other viral infections and many protozoal and rickettsial infections(e.g.kala azar,malaria).Immunologic disorders:Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis c