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1、气管插管术气管插管术气管插管术气管插管术v目的目的 维持气体交换的通路通畅维持气体交换的通路通畅 提供防止肺内误吸的相对保护提供防止肺内误吸的相对保护 提供肺和呼吸机的连接途径提供肺和呼吸机的连接途径 清除呼吸道分泌物清除呼吸道分泌物 气管内给药气管内给药气管插管术气管插管术v适应症适应症 呼吸心跳骤停呼吸心跳骤停 已经或将要发生呼吸衰竭已经或将要发生呼吸衰竭 任何原因引起的自主呼吸无力任何原因引起的自主呼吸无力 呼吸保护反射迟钝或消失呼吸保护反射迟钝或消失 气道梗阻气道梗阻 血流动力学不稳定血流动力学不稳定 意识评分(意识评分(GCS评分评分 5级)级)气管插管术气管插管术v格拉斯哥格拉斯哥
2、昏迷评昏迷评(GCS):)RLS评级评级1.清醒(清醒(RLS-1):神志清楚,没有反应的延迟。定向准确,没有嗜睡。2.嗜睡或意识模糊(嗜睡或意识模糊(RLS-2):观察对轻刺激的反应。嗜睡:病人处于倦睡状态,反应轻度延迟。意识模糊:病人被唤醒后,在回答下列三个问题中至少有一个错误。1)你叫什么名字?2)你在什么地方?3)现在是哪年哪月?3.非常嗜睡或意识模糊(非常嗜睡或意识模糊(RLS-3):观察对强刺激的反应。4.昏迷(昏迷(RLS-4):能定位疼痛,但不能去除疼痛。定位疼痛:检查时身体处于平卧为,双臂放于身体的侧面。1)按压乳突根部,病人的手臂可上抬高于胸部的位置;2)按压指甲,病人能够
3、移动另一只手超越身体的中线。5.昏迷(昏迷(RLS-5):有躲避疼痛的动作。躲避疼痛:1)按压乳突根部,病人转动面部面向对侧;2)按压指甲,病人虽然不能定为疼痛,但有明显的缩手动作。6.昏迷(昏迷(RLS-6):强痛刺激时肢体屈曲(去大脑皮质状态)。7.昏迷(昏迷(RLS-7):强痛刺激时肢体背伸(去大脑状态)。8.昏迷(昏迷(RLS-8):强痛刺激时机体没有反应。气管插管术气管插管术v禁忌证禁忌证v绝对禁忌症:绝对禁忌症:无绝对禁忌症无绝对禁忌症v相对禁忌症:相对禁忌症:v有严重出血倾向有严重出血倾向v喉头水肿、喉头粘膜下出血、严重气道畸形移位喉头水肿、喉头粘膜下出血、严重气道畸形移位v胸主
4、动脉瘤压迫气道胸主动脉瘤压迫气道v鼻咽部血管瘤鼻咽部血管瘤气管插管术气管插管术并发症:并发症:1.喉头水肿喉头水肿2.气胸气胸3.呼吸道出血呼吸道出血4.杓状软骨脱位杓状软骨脱位5.门齿脱落门齿脱落气管插管术气管插管术vPreparationvPreoxygenationvPretreatmentvParalysis with inductionvProtection with positioningvPlacement with proofvPost-intubation managementRSI Timeline TimeAction Zero-10 minPreparation Zer
5、o-5 minPreoxygenation Zero-3 minPretreatment Zero Paralysis with induction Zero+20-30 secProtection with positioning Zero+45-60 secPlacement with proof Zero+60-90 secPost-intubation management.Preparationv患者患者 气道评估,开通静脉通路 体位v设备设备 喉镜,气管导管,监护仪 BVM,吸引器,听诊器,注射器,导丝 特殊插管设备Airway Assessment(LEMON LAW)vLook
6、 externallyvEvaluate 3-3-2vMallampativObstructionvNeck mobilityLook v下颌过窄下颌过窄Look v过度肥胖过度肥胖Look v过度咬合过度咬合Look v创伤创伤LookEvaluate 3-3-2v颞颌关节颞颌关节v下颌骨的长度下颌骨的长度v喉头的位置喉头的位置 成人位于 C5,6 从口底到甲状软骨的距离是2横指 如果喉头过高会影响声门的暴露Mallampati GradesObstructionv已知或怀疑已知或怀疑异物异物肿瘤肿瘤脓肿脓肿会厌炎会厌炎血肿血肿创伤创伤Neck Mobilityv手术手术v类风湿关节炎类风湿
7、关节炎v骨关节炎骨关节炎v其他其他气管导管型号和深度气管导管型号和深度v型号型号 女性女性 7.5-8;男性男性 8-8.5 小指的直径小指的直径 小儿小儿 4+age/4v深度深度 女性女性-21 cm;男性男性-23 cm 小儿小儿-age+10Preoxygenation手法开放气道手法开放气道手法开放气道手法开放气道Pretreatment(LOAD)减轻喉镜插管的应激减轻喉镜插管的应激vLidocaine 1.5 mg/kgvOpiates(Fentanyl 3-6 mcg/kg)vAtropine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg(0.1 to 0.5 mg)vDefasiculat
8、ion(with succinylcholine)Paralysis with InductionBarbituates巴比妥类巴比妥类Etomidate依托咪酯依托咪酯Midazolam咪达唑仑咪达唑仑Ketamine氯胺酮氯胺酮Propofol丙泊酚丙泊酚Succinylcholine司可林司可林Protection and PositioningvSellicks maneuverPlacement with ProofPlacement with ProofPlacement with Proofv听诊双肺呼吸音听诊双肺呼吸音v按压胸部可有较大气流自导管喷出按压胸部可有较大气流自导管喷
9、出v“白雾白雾”v如有自主呼吸,接气囊可见气囊规律舒缩如有自主呼吸,接气囊可见气囊规律舒缩v接呼吸机,观察呼吸机波形接呼吸机,观察呼吸机波形Post-Intubation Managementv确保导管安全确保导管安全v心动过缓心动过缓/低氧血症低氧血症-导管不在气管内导管不在气管内v高血压高血压-镇静,镇痛不充分镇静,镇痛不充分v低血压低血压-镇静和肌松剂过量镇静和肌松剂过量v持续监测持续监测SpO2 和和 ETCO2气管插管术气管插管术v插管方法插管方法气管插管术气管插管术v其他插管方法其他插管方法v喉罩喉罩v光纤引导插管光纤引导插管v纤支镜引导插管纤支镜引导插管v食道气道联合通气导管食道
10、气道联合通气导管v环甲膜穿刺及气管切开环甲膜穿刺及气管切开喉喉 罩罩光纤引导插管光纤引导插管纤支镜插管纤支镜插管环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术适应症适应症:患者由于各种原因出现急性喉梗阻时患者由于各种原因出现急性喉梗阻时(如过敏、颈部创伤、喉炎、喉肿瘤)呼(如过敏、颈部创伤、喉炎、喉肿瘤)呼吸困难危及生命但又无法紧急气管切开时,吸困难危及生命但又无法紧急气管切开时,可行环甲膜穿刺造口术解除呼吸困难,挽可行环甲膜穿刺造口术解除呼吸困难,挽救患者生命。救患者生命。环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术环甲膜穿刺置管术气管插管术气管插管术有效有效1、增加麻
11、醉剂及肌松剂剂量2、更换喉镜及气管导管3、请熟练者操作 面罩给氧面罩给氧无效无效呼求帮助喉罩气道食道联合通气导管环甲膜穿刺气管切开DiagramYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour Text2001200220032004DiagramYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour TextYour Text2001200220032004 Add your title in hereThemeGallery is a Desi
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13、eloped by Guild Design Inc.3ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add TextThemeGallery is a Design D
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