托福作文写作范文详解ound.docx

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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingStartinginthe1960sandcontinuinguntilthe1980s,sailorsinRussiansubmarinespatrollingtheNorthAtlanticandArcticOceanwouldoccasionallyhearstrangesounds.Theseunderwaternoisesremindedthesubmarinecrewsoffrogcroaks,sotheycalledthesounds“quackers”(fromtheRussianwordforfrogsounds).Thesourcesoft

2、hesoundseemedtobemovingwithgreatspeedandagility;however,thesubmarinessonar(amethodofdetectingobjectsunderwater)wasunabletodetectanysolidmovingobjectsinthearea.Thereareseveraltheoriesaboutwhatmighthavecausedtheoddsounds.Thefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocra

3、whalesduringacourtshipritual.Orcawhalesareknowntoinhabittheareaswherethesubmarineswerepickingupthebizarrenoises.Orcashavebeenstudiedextensively,andthesoundstheymakewhentryingtoattractamalearesimilartothosethatthesubmarinesweredetecting.Asecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.Giantsquidsareg

4、aintmarineinvertebratesthatlivedeepintheoceanandpreyonlargefish.Theyaredifficulttodetectbysonarbecausetheyhavesoftbodieswithnoskeleton.Notmuchisknownaboutgiantsquidbehavior,buttheircomplexbrainssuggesttheyareintelligentanimals.Itispossibletheyhavetheabilitytoemitsoundzandperhapstheyapproachedthesubm

5、arinesoutofcuriosity.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology,likeanothercountry7ssubmarinesthatweresecretlypatrollingthearea.Perhapstheforeignsubmarinesdidnotregisteronsonarbecausetheywereusingakindoftechnologyspecificallydesignedtomakethemundetecta

6、blebysonar.Thestrangefroglikesoundsmayhavebeenemittedbytheforeignsubmarinesunintentionally.Listening(femaleprofessor)Quackersarecertainlyaverystrangephenomenon.Expertsstilldebatewhatthesourceofthesoundwas.Noonecanbesureexactlywhatcausedthem.Buttheseexpertscitecertainproblemswithallofthetheoriesthaty

7、oujustreadabout.Hereareafewoftheargumentsthattheymade.FirstztheideathatthesoundswerecausedbyOrcawhalesseemsplausibleatfirstbutisultimatelyhighlyunlikely.It,sthatthereareOrcapopulationsinthegeneralareasthattheRussiansubmarineswerepatrolling.ButOrcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarine

8、stypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.Giantsquidmaybeabettercandidatebutonecriticalfactspeaksagainstthissquidtheoryaswell.Russiansubmarinesfirstdetectedquackersoundinthe1960

9、sandreportsofthemcontinuedforabouttwodecades.Butthesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.However,asfarasweknowzsquidhavealwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.Iftheseweresquidsound,therewouldbenoreasontosuddenlystarthearingtheminonedecadeandthensuddenlystophea

10、ringthemtwentyyearslater.Thirdztheideathatthequackerswerecausedbyasecretsubmarinefromanothercountrydoesnotholdup.Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequack

11、ers.Eventoday,wedonthavethetechnologytobuildsubmarinesthatarethatfastandhaveenginesthatarethatsilent.Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,beingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengethespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageOddsoundsweredetected.Andthereareseveraltheoriesaboutthem.

12、Thefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocrawhalesduringacourtshipritual.Asecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology.Lecture1. Expertscitecertainproblemswithalloftheth

13、eoriesmentioned.2. Orcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarinestypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.3. Thesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.Howeverzsquidhave

14、alwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.4. Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequackers.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Theread

15、ingpassageconcentratesonseveraltheoriesaboutthecauseoftheoddsounds.However,intheIectureztheprofessorrespectivelypointsouttheproblemsinalltheassertionsinthereading.此段功能首段概括了阅读文本中的基本内容，同时提出了演讲者对此的反对意见,言简意赅，为下文论述做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，为下文引出论述做铺垫。Paragraph2Firstzeventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthenoise

16、swerecausedbyorcasduringcourtshipritualztheprofessorarguesthatorcasliveatthesurfaceofthewaterwhereasthesubmarinesdivedtothedeepoceanandthuscannothearthesounds.Besides,thenearbywhalescouldhavebeenfoundbythesonar.此段功能指出文章第一个观点，即这些奇怪的声音是鲸鱼在求偶过程中发出的。而演讲中，教授驳斥道鲸鱼在海水表面生存而潜水艇在深海航行，听不到鲸鱼发出的声音。此外教授还驳斥道在近处的鲸鱼声呐系统是可以发现的，借此来进一步否定这个奇怪的声音是由鲸鱼发出的。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第一个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagesuggest