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1、HISTORYMODU1.EABRIEFHISTORYOFMANAGEMENTSROOTSSincelebirthofnxlem11anagemenlIheoryintheearly1900s,nanagenen(experlshavedevelopedtheoriestohelporganizationsandtheirmanagerscoordinateandoverseeworkactivitiesaseffectivelyandefficientlyaspossible.Inpresentingthehistoryofmodernmanagement,thismoduleexplore
2、stheevolutionofmanagementthoughtandpracticeduringthetwentiethcentury.EAR1.YMANAGEMENT3(XX)-25OOB.C.E.heEgyptianpyramidswereprojectsoftremendousscopeandmagnitude,requiringtheeffortsoftensofthousandsofpeople.HowwasitpossiblefortheseProjeCFiobeco11pleedsuccessfully?Theanswerismanagement.Regardlessof(he
3、titlesgivenIomanagerslh11ughulhistory,someonehasalwayshadtoplanwhatneedstobeaccomplished,organizepeopleandmaterials,leadanddirectworkers,andimposecontrolstoensurethatgoalswereattainedasplanned.14(X)sExamplesofearlymanagementpracticescanalsobeseenbystudyingthearsenalofVenice.*semblylines,accountingsy
4、stems,andPerSonnUIfunctionsareonlyafewoftheprocessesandactivitiesusedinbusinessin(hefifteenthCCntUrythatarccommontotlivaleworkers,inworkingwithemployeeteams,andinfacilitatingtheIlowofcommunicationwithinorganizations.IncludedinthismovementwereAbrahamMaslow,bestknownforhishierarchyofneedsandDouglasMcG
5、regor)*andhisconceptualizationOfTheOryXandTheOryYmanagers.I960s-TodayAnorganizationspeoplecontinuetobeanimportantfactorofmanagementresearch.Thefieldofstudythatresearchestheactionsofpeopleaworkiscalledorganizationalbehavior(OB).Muchofwhatmanagersdotodaywhenmanagingpeople-motivating.leading,building(r
6、ust,workingwithateam,managingconflict,arisoforthhasConieou(ofOBresearch.QUANTITATIVEAPPROACH1940sThequantitativeapproachtomanagc11wntusesquantitativetechniquestoimprovedecisionmaking.Thisapproachincludesapplicationsofstatistics,optimizationmodels,informationmodels,andcomputersimulations.Thequantitat
7、iveapproachoriginatedduringWorldWarIIasmathematicalandstatisticalsolutionstomilitaryproblemsweredevelopedforwartimeuse.Asoftenhappensafterwartime,meihclsthatweredevelopedduringWorMWarIltoconductmililaryaffairswereappliedtoprivateindustrjffollowingthewar.Forinstance,agroupofmilitaryofficerstheWhizKid
8、susedquantitativeInCthOdS(oimprovedecisionmakingatFordMotorCompanyinthemid-1940s.1950sTotalQualitymanagementisaphilosophyof11anagenenl(halisdrivenbycontinualimprovementandresponsetocustomerneedsandexpectations.TQMwasinspiredbyasmallgroupofqualityexperts,includingW.EdwardsDeming,whowasoneofitschiefproponents.TQMrepresentsacounterpointtoearliermanagementtheoristswhob
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